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Circular Economy & Sustainable Consumption

Linear "take-make-waste" economies drive resource depletion, emissions, and pollution.

Solutions-Oriented Approach:

  • Product life extension, reuse, and repair

  • Industrial symbiosis and zero-waste design

  • Circular business models (leasing, product-as-a-service)

  • Policy levers like extended producer responsibility (EPR)


Some Key Concepts:

  • Materials innovation

  • Decoupling growth from resource use,

  • Circular supply chains

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